Executive Summary

CVE-2025-32057 is a vulnerability in the Nissan Leaf ZE1 2020 infotainment ECU manufactured by Bosch, specifically in the Redbend service used for over-the-air provisioning and updates. The issue arises because the SSL engine used for communication with the backend server does not properly verify the server's root certificate due to a misconfiguration and a logic flaw in the SSL handshake certificate verification callback. This causes the system to accept self-signed certificates, allowing an attacker to impersonate the legitimate Redbend backend server. As a result, an attacker can perform man-in-the-middle (MiTM) attacks to deliver malicious provisioning data or firmware updates to the vehicle's infotainment system, potentially compromising it. [1]

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Impact Analysis

This vulnerability can allow an attacker to impersonate the legitimate backend server and deliver malicious firmware updates or provisioning data to the Nissan Leaf's infotainment ECU. This can lead to compromise of the infotainment system, potentially allowing remote control or manipulation of vehicle functions. The attacker could perform man-in-the-middle attacks to inject malicious code, which might affect vehicle security and safety. The CVSS score of 6.5 indicates a medium severity impact with high confidentiality impact but no direct impact on integrity or availability. [1]

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Detection Guidance

Detection of this vulnerability involves monitoring SSL/TLS connections initiated by the Nissan Leaf ZE1 infotainment ECU to Redbend backend servers and checking for acceptance of self-signed certificates. Since the vulnerability arises from the SSL client not verifying server certificates properly, network traffic analysis tools can be used to inspect SSL handshakes for certificate validation failures or acceptance of self-signed certificates. Additionally, analyzing CAN bus messages and Bluetooth communications for suspicious activity or unauthorized commands may help detect exploitation attempts. Specific commands are not provided in the resources, but using tools like Wireshark to capture and analyze TLS handshakes, and checking for SSL_VERIFY_NONE usage or self-signed certificates in the infotainment system's logs or network traffic, would be appropriate approaches. [1, 2]

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Mitigation Strategies

Immediate mitigation steps include disabling or restricting the Redbend service's ability to perform over-the-air updates until a patch is applied that enforces proper SSL certificate verification (i.e., enabling SSL_VERIFY_PEER). Network-level controls such as firewall rules to block unauthorized connections to Redbend backend servers can reduce attack surface. Monitoring and restricting Bluetooth pairing and communication, especially preventing forced pairing via 2.4 GHz jamming, can mitigate related attack vectors. Applying firmware updates from Nissan or Bosch that fix the SSL verification logic is critical. Additionally, disabling unused services like SSH or ensuring they are properly secured can prevent persistence. Since no official patch details are provided, limiting network exposure and monitoring for suspicious activity are key immediate steps. [1, 2]

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