Executive Summary

CVE-2026-49401 is a high-severity vulnerability in Deno versions 2.7.13 and earlier that allows permission bypass on macOS due to Unicode normalization mismatches.

The issue arises because Deno's permission system compares file paths at the raw-byte level, while macOS's APFS filesystem treats different Unicode spellings of the same path as identical.

This mismatch enables attackers to bypass file access restrictions by using alternate Unicode representations of denied paths, such as different Unicode normalizations, case variations, or ligature characters.

The vulnerability affects the --deny-read, --deny-write, --deny-run, and --deny-ffi flags, allowing unauthorized access to restricted files or execution of denied programs.

It specifically impacts macOS systems with APFS, as other operating systems handle path equivalence differently.

The issue was fixed in Deno version 2.7.14 by normalizing both deny-rule paths and requested paths to NFC and applying Unicode case folding before comparison.

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Impact Analysis

This vulnerability can allow an attacker to bypass Deno's permission restrictions on macOS systems using APFS.

By exploiting Unicode normalization mismatches, an attacker could gain unauthorized read, write, execution, or foreign function interface (FFI) access to files or programs that should be denied.

This could lead to unauthorized data access, modification, or execution of malicious code within the Deno runtime environment.

The CVSS score of 7.3 indicates a high severity with relatively low attack complexity and privileges required, making it a significant security risk.

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Detection Guidance

This vulnerability arises from the way Deno on macOS compares file paths at the raw-byte level, allowing bypass of permission restrictions by using alternate Unicode representations of denied paths.

To detect if your system is vulnerable, you can check the version of Deno installed and verify if it is earlier than 2.7.14.

Suggested command to check Deno version:

• deno --version

If the version is 2.7.13 or earlier, your system is vulnerable.

Additionally, to detect attempts to exploit this vulnerability, monitor file access logs or application logs for unusual access patterns involving Unicode variants of restricted paths.

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Mitigation Strategies

The primary mitigation is to upgrade Deno to version 2.7.14 or later, where the vulnerability is fixed by normalizing paths and applying Unicode case folding before permission checks.

If immediate upgrade is not possible, it is recommended to avoid relying on denylists (--deny-read, --deny-write, --deny-run, --deny-ffi) on macOS systems.

Instead, use allowlists to restrict permissions and avoid case-sensitive security boundaries.

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Compliance Impact

This vulnerability allows attackers to bypass file access restrictions on macOS systems using Deno versions prior to 2.7.14 by exploiting Unicode normalization mismatches. Such unauthorized access to restricted files or execution of denied programs can lead to exposure or modification of sensitive data.

Because regulations like GDPR and HIPAA require strict controls over access to sensitive personal and health information, this vulnerability could undermine compliance by enabling unauthorized data access or processing.

Organizations relying on Deno on macOS without the patch may face increased risk of data breaches or unauthorized actions, potentially violating these standards' requirements for data protection and access control.

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