CVE-2026-54890
Received
Received - Intake
Integer Underflow in Erlang/OTP ETF Decoder
Vulnerability report for CVE-2026-54890, including description, CVSS score, EPSS score, affected products, exploitability, helpful resources, and attack-flow context.
Publication date: 2026-07-27
Last updated on: 2026-07-27
Assigner: EEF
Description
Description
Integer Underflow (Wrap or Wraparound) vulnerability in erlang otp erlang/otp (erts modules), erlang otp erts (erts modules) allows Forced Integer Overflow, Excessive Allocation. This vulnerability is associated with program files erts/emulator/beam/external.c, emulator/beam/external.c.
The BIT_BINARY_EXT tag (77) handler in the External Term Format (ETF) decoder accepts an encoding with both length and trailing-bits fields set to zero. The subsequent computation of the bitstring size underflows an unsigned integer, producing a value of roughly 2^64 that is then passed as a memory allocation size. The allocator aborts the entire node with a message such as "Cannot allocate 2305843009213693951 bytes of memory (of type binary)".
The crash is a VM-level abort, not an Erlang-level exception. It cannot be intercepted by supervision trees, by try/catch, or by passing the [safe] option to binary_to_term/2 (which only restricts atom creation and does not perform structural validation of binary encodings).
Any application that decodes ETF from untrusted sources via binary_to_term/1,2 or enif_binary_to_term() is exposed. The Erlang distribution protocol also decodes incoming terms through the same code path, but distribution is expected to run on trusted networks per the OTP Secure Coding Guidelines (DSG-011).
This issue affects OTP from OTP 27.0 before OTP 29.0.4, OTP 28.5.0.4 and OTP 27.3.4.15, corresponding to erts from 15.0 before 17.0.4, 16.4.0.4 and 15.2.7.11.
CVSS Scores
EPSS Scores
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Meta Information
Affected Vendors & Products
| Vendor | Product | Version / Range |
|---|---|---|
| erlang | otp | to 27.3.4.15 (exc) |
| erlang | otp | to 28.5.0.4 (exc) |
| erlang | otp | to 29.0.4 (exc) |
| erlang | otp | From 27.0 (inc) to 29.0.4 (exc) |
| erlang | otp | From 28.5.0.4 (inc) |
| erlang | otp | From 27.3.4.15 (inc) |
| erlang | erts | From 15.0 (inc) to 17.0.4 (exc) |
| erlang | erts | From 16.4.0.4 (inc) |
| erlang | erts | From 15.2.7.11 (inc) |
| erlang | otp | From 27.3.4.15 (exc) to 29.0.4 (exc) |
| erlang | otp | 27.3.4.15 |
| erlang | otp | 28.5.0.4 |
| erlang | otp | 29.0.4 |
| erlang | erts | From 15.2.7.11 (exc) to 17.0.4 (exc) |
| erlang | erts | 15.2.7.11 |
| erlang | erts | 16.4.0.4 |
| erlang | erts | 17.0.4 |
Helpful Resources
Exploitability
CWE
KEV
| CWE ID | Description |
|---|---|
| CWE-191 | The product subtracts one value from another, such that the result is less than the minimum allowable integer value, which produces a value that is not equal to the correct result. |
| CWE-789 | The product allocates memory based on an untrusted, large size value, but it does not ensure that the size is within expected limits, allowing arbitrary amounts of memory to be allocated. |
| CWE-1284 | The product receives input that is expected to specify a quantity (such as size or length), but it does not validate or incorrectly validates that the quantity has the required properties. |
